Sir Humphrey Davy Essays - Fellows Of The Royal Society, Boron

Sir Humphrey Davy In Chemistry there are many very important chemists. One is Sir Humphry Davy. Davy was born on December 17, 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall, England. He went to school in Penzance and in Truro. In 1794 his father died, to help his family financially he got a job as an apprentice to a surgeon. The surgeon's name was J. Binghan Borlarse. In 1797 Davy became interested in Chemistry. So in 1778 he became superintendent of the Medical Pneumatic Institution of Bristol. This organization was devoted to the study of the medical value of different gases, it was here that Davy first made his reputation. He discovered the effects of nitrous oxide, which is now known as laughing gas. Davy breathed 16 quarts of the gas in seven minutes and became completely intoxicated. He had no idea that forty-five years later it would be used as an anesthetic by dentists. Davy's next discoveries were in the field of electrochemistry. He found that if he passed electricity through some substances then it would decompose. This process was later called electrolysis. Through electrolysis, Davy eventually discovered magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium in 1808. In 1810 Davy showed that muriatic or marine acid was a compound only of hydrogen and chlorine, and contained no oxygen. Davy also made some advances in Iodine. Davy first made iodine pentoxide, a colorless, odorless, crystalline substance of high density in 1815. Davy also developed the method for the decomposition of silicates into silica by treatment with HCI. In 1802, Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy published a paper called " An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings on Glass, and Making Profiles, by the Agency of Light upon Nitrates of Silver." The pictures made by this process were very temporary. As soon as the negatives were removed the pictures turned black. Davy also invented the miner's safety helmet. The lamp on the safety helmet would burn safety and light the way even when there was an explosive mixture in the air. Davy didn't patent the lamp. This lead to a false claim that George Stephenson invented it, not Sir Humphry Davy. Davy received the accomplishment of being knighted just three days before he married a rich widow. Her name was Jan Apreece. In 1827, Davy became seriously ill. He became ill because of inhaling to many gases over the years. So he moved to Rome to live a peaceful life. While living in Rome, he had a heart attack and died on May 29, 1829 in Geneva, Switzerland.

In American film noir, female criminality is Essays

In American film noir, female criminality is Essays In American film noir, female criminality is Essay In American film noir, female criminality is Essay ‘In American movie noir, female criminalism is linked to destructive gender. Discuss With the exclusion of the Western, possibly no other genre of Hollywood movie devising is more a merchandise of its clip than Film Noir. As Marc Vernet ( 1993 ) inside informations, Noir has its socio-political roots in post-War Europe and its aesthetic roots in German Expressionism, both illustrations of surroundings that depend and originate out of the polarization and the geographic expedition of double stars ( political in the former, aesthetic and thematic in the latter ) . It is small admiration, so, that Noir’s popularity coincided with the societal paranoia that was bit by bit doing itself felt in America ( and most notably in Hollywood ) in the late fortiess and 50s and that would happen ultimate look in McCarthyism ; a point made by Robert Aldrich, manager ofSnog Me Deadly( 1955 ) and cited by Jon Tuska ( 1984 ) [ 1 ] . Despite a changeless trust on mutual opposition and double star, both in footings of narrative and mise en scene ( man/woman, life/death, light/shadow, law/crime ) , Noir, as we shall see, isasconcerned with their evildoing, every bit long as this is followed by a subsequent reassertion. This paper aims to look at this procedure within the context of both depth psychology and historicism, associating the two together to offer non merely decisions about the dramatic art and semiologies of Film Noir but besides its topographic point in the male orientated regard of post-War Hollywood. Nowhere is the construct of the double star more evident than in the figure of the femme fatale who, as Janey Place ( 1998 ) suggests is â€Å"a male phantasy ( like ) most of our art† ( Place, 1998: 47 ) . The femme fatale, in movies such asThe Big Sleep( 1946 ) ,Double Indemnity( 1944 ) andThe Postman Always Rings Twice( 1946 ; 1981 ) exists non merely as the â€Å"icon of desire† ( Porfirio, 1999: 97 ) but, as the fulcrum upon which the narrative flexible joints. It is the male hero’s desire for the femme fatale that provides the footing for non merely his ain criminalism ( inThe Postman Always Rings TwiceandDouble Indemnity) but besides the misrepresentation that normally consequences in his ruin. The building of the femme fatale as Janey Place suggests is â€Å"expressed visually both in the iconography of the image and in the ocular style† ( Place, 1999: 54 ) . Phyllis Dietrichson ( Barbara Stanwyck ) inDouble Indemnity, for case, encapsulates the semiotic over-coding of the typical Noir femme fatale: her hair is an about white peroxide blond, her apparels are monochromatic and she is illuminated, throughout the movie, in blunt contrast to the shadows that are behind her and that cut the characteristics of the male figures in half. This non merely adds to the concretisation of the subtext of good and evil but besides highlights her topographic point in the narrative as desirable yet, finally, out of range a point made by Place and Peterson ( 1976 ) in their survey of Noir’s ocular motives: â€Å"Far removed from the feeling of softness and exposure created by ( the ) diffused techniques ( of Hollywood characteristics ) , the Noir heroines were shot in tough, unromantic close-ups of direct, undiffused visible radiation, which create a difficult, stately surface beauty that seems more seductive but less come-at-able, at one time tempting and impenetrable.† ( Place and Peterson, 1976: 328 ) As this suggests, a major facet of the Noir femme fatale can be seen to shack in her position as impossible object ; her closet, the lighting, the makeup and the camera focal point all combine to bring forth an image that is iconic instead than realistic, that is a signifier instead than a portrayal of existent humanity. As James Naremore ( 1998: 101 ) suggests, this sense of the iconic, of the sacred, is underlined by the changeless mention to ocular fetishes in connexion with the female figure: a lip rouge inThe Postman Always Rings Twice, an ankle watchband inDouble Indemnityor a baseball mitt inGilda( 1946 ) . These articles are synecdochic non merely with the female herself but with the desire that she represents, in other words they are fetishes for a fetish. Of class, the creative activity of a desirable object in the femme fatale is non merely for the interest of the hero but for the audience and as such provides much of the focal point for the male orientated regard. As feminist critics of the genre have argued ( Gledhill, 1996 ; Humm, 1997 etc ) , Film Noir is mostly, if non entirely, centred around the male witness offering merely either a masochistic designation with a ambidextrous female supporter or a sort of transgendered empathy with the male lead for the female audience. [ 2 ] It is the femme fatal that characterises the male regard of Film Noir, as she is filtered through the festishistic phantasies of the hero that are, themselves, condensed versions of the scriptwriter’s and the director’s. The male regard of the camera, that desires the female along with the hero, is instrumental in making the authoritative Noir experience. The hero, and therefore the male witness, is non merely opposed to the female’s gender but besides her sense of legality as, really frequently, it is the woman’s criminalism that prompts the man’s evildoing, a impression postulated besides by Foster Hirsch in his surveyFilm Noir: The Dark Side of the Screen( 1981: 13 ) . The female felon, so of Noir is one founded upon fraudulence and coercion. As inDouble Indemnity, the femme fatal non merely exists as a form for desire but besides for the evildoing of boundaries of legality, both components of what Lacan termedjouissance[ 3 ] . The construct ofjouissanceis most closely associated with Lacan’sSeminarTwenty: Encore( Lacan, 2000 ) and relates non merely to the construct of pleasance (plaisir) or enjoyment but to its possible to be limitless and destructive, as Jean Michel Rebate ( 2003 ) inside informations: â€Å"Jouissance ( can be seen as ) a impression that translates Bataille s constructs of waste, outgo, titillating surplus, and trangression.† ( Rebate, 2003: 18 ) Jouissancein Lacan is both orgasmic and terrifying ; it functions non merely as a sexual attractant but as the field beyond the symbolic, beyond the Torahs of both the personal and the societal. The Noir femme fatal, as Zizek suggests inThe Plague of Fantasies( 1997: 48 ) is a form for merely such evildoing and for the enjoyment that arises out of sexual and legal freedom, the license to make as one supplications. However, this designation is non simply a merchandise of the relationship between the male hero and the female supporter as much Noir unfavorable judgment might propose, alternatively it is formed out of the psychoanalytic illation that arises from the triangular relationship between the hero, the femme fatale and the symbolic male parent figure. It is the last of these that concretises the Oedipal constructions of Noir and, as we shall see, offers us most in footings of construing the nexus between female criminalism and destructive gender. For Lacan, it is the intercession of the Father, and emasculation, that mediates the destructive power ofjouissancethrough the infliction of regulations ( once more, both personal and societal ) , as Dany Nobus ( 1998 ) inside informations: â€Å"It can be pointed out that emasculation, the operation by which jouissance is drained off from the organic structure, is chiefly a symbolic operation of linguistic communication. It is the infliction of regulations and prohibitions that drains the initial quota of jouissance from the kid s organic structure in the emasculation complex.† ( Nobus, 1998: 13 ) In Lacan, it is the ‘No’ ( or Name ) of the Father that frustrates the desire for the Oedipal Mother and that inscribes the Symbolic jurisprudence onto the topic. In Noir, it is this same symbolic Father ( Sackett ( Lean Ames ; William Traylor ) inThe Postman Always Rings Twice; Keyes ( Edward G. Robinson ) inDouble Indemnityetc ) that intervenes between the hero and the femme fatal, stand foring both the jurisprudence of the land and the psycho-social prohibition of incest. It is of import to observe that it is this character, the symbolic Father, that fixes and sets the psychological place of the other two sides of the trigon. This same Oedipal trigon occurs clip and clip once more in Film Noir and its many off shoots:Double Indemnity,The Big Sleep,Criss Cross( 1949 ) , Gilda, every bit good as Hitchcock’sForeign Correspondent( 1940 ) andDizziness( 1958 ) . It is, we could asseverate, the figure of the Father as jurisprudence that finally links the impressions of female criminalism and destructive gender by transforming the relationship between the two lead supporters from one of heterosexual lecherousness to one of Oedipal incest. In Lacanian and Freudian depth psychology, nevertheless, as David Stafford Clark ( 1965 ) inside informations, this Oedipus inspired emasculation centres the kid within the sexual kingdom and prepares him ( for by and large Freud trades with the male kid ) for maturity: â€Å"the secret passions of the kid for the female parent can non stay either guiltless in the child’s ain head or capable of fulfillment with any grade of completeness. It can non be fulfilled because the kid can non hold the female parent wholly to himself.† ( Stafford Clark, 1965: 93 ) Both Freud ( 2001 ) and Lacan ( 1997 ) saw the inability to be inducted into this scenario as a major aetiological ground for the oncoming of psychosis, doing the No of the Father integral to a healthy psychosexual development. What does this state about Noir and, more significantly our hypothesis sing its linkage of female criminalism and destructive gender? As Zizek intimations at inThe Plague of Fantasies, the gender of the Noir can be seen as non merely destructive ( in that desire for the femme fatal leads, really frequently, to the ruin of the hero ) but besides constructive in that it, finally, upholds the Torahs of the society and punishes those that transgress them. It is the emasculation of the hero by the symbolic Father that concretises the boundaries of the Torahs and the societal conventions every bit good as underscoring the place of the male libido in relation to femalejouissance[ 4 ] . This point is related toDouble Indemnityby Claire Johnson ( 1997 ) : â€Å"The split between the Symbolic and Imaginary which structures the text insists in Keyes’ overlapping map as symbolic and idealized male parent, driving the movie towards declaration and closing ( and ) as symbolic male parent Keyes must stand for the Law and manus Neff over to the police.† ( Johnson, 1997: 97 ) As we hinted at earlier, this state of affairs can merely come about through the male regard of the camera and an premise of a male witness. However, this is turn, as Jon Tuska ( 1984 ) invariably reiterates, is a contemplation of the genre’s socio-political roots. As we stated in the debut, Film Noir can be seen to reflect the socio-political political orientation of its clip, as Paul Schrader ( 1986 ) inside informations in his essayNotes on Film Noir: â€Å"As shortly as the war was over†¦American movies became markedly more sardonic – and there was a roar in the offense movie. For 15 old ages the force per unit areas against America’s amelioristic film had been constructing up and, given, the freedom, audiences and creative persons were now eager to take a less optimistic position of things.† ( Schrader, 1986: 171 ) Noir morality is built on evildoing and the crossing of legal boundaries, in many Noir movies it is the hero that is made condemnable, normally through the trickeries of the femme fatale. The audience is made complicit with this because, as we have discovered, through the mise en scene we are made to portion in the adoration of her iconic beauty, we understand why the hero does what he does and we are made to believe we would make the same. Ultimately, so, the Noir movie is mostly conservative ; order is by and large restored at the terminal of the movie and the characters punished, either killed or sent to prison. The No of the Father, merely like in Lacanian or Freudian depth psychology, restores order and allows male Reason and the jurisprudence to enforce themselves on female criminalism and destructive gender. It is easy to see why this motive would be so attractive to the Hollywood of the 1940s and 50s: there is a acknowledgment of complexness, of the presence of both good and evil but there is besides the soothing presence of all seeing symbolic Father who restores the position quo and allows life to go on as it did earlier. There is an obvious linkage between female criminalism and destructive gender in Film Noir, in many ways it is one of the genre’s most abiding cardinal leitmotiv. The femme fatale is invariably held in resistance to the masculinity of both the hero and the symbolic male parent figure and she stands as non so much as a owner but an object of destructive desire. As we seen, nevertheless, in the expansive construction of the Noir existence, this desire is merely destructive to the hero, in footings of the model of the jurisprudence and the symbolic order, it is a constructive, healthy desire because it finally leads to emasculation and the Restoration of legality. The evildoing of the hero, so, becomes what Zizek, inOn Belief( 2001 ) calls â€Å"the obscene supplement† ( Zizek, 2001: 119 ) that upholds the jurisprudence. The inquiry so becomes non is at that place a nexus between female criminalism and destructive desire, but is the desireDelawaresstructive orconstructive. One the one manus, it provides the roots for the hero’s ruin on the other it creates the environment for the Restoration and concretisation of the societal order and, like many things in American Film Noir, the reply to this depends on whose position you are sing from. Mentions Copjec, J ( 1993 ) , â€Å"The Phenomenal Nonphenomenal ; Private Space in Film Noir† , published in published in J. Copjec ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Sunglassess of Noir: A Reader, London: Verso, pp.167-199. Freud, S ( 2001 ) ,The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. Twelve, London: Verso. Gledhill, C ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Klute: A Contemporary Film Noir and Feminist Criticism† , published in published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.20-34. Hirsch, F ( 1981 ) ,Film Noir: The Dark Side of the Screen, New York: A.S. Barbes ) Humm, M ( 1997 ) ,Feminism and Film, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University. Johnson, Claire ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Double Indemnity† , published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.89-98 Kuhn, A ( 1994 ) ,The Power of the Image, London: Routledge. Lacan, J ( 1982 ) , â€Å"God and the Jouissance of Women† , published inFeminine Sexuality, London: Pantheon Books, pp.137-148. Lacan, J ( 1997 ) ,The Psychosiss: 1955-1956, London: Norton. Lacan, J ( 2000 ) ,On Female Sexuality, the Limits of Love and Knowledge, 1972-1973, London: Norton. Mulvey, L ( 1999 ) , â€Å"Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema† , published in L. Braudy and M. Cohen ( explosive detection systems ) ,Film Theory and Criticism, Oxford: Oxford, pp.833-844. Naremore, J ( 1998 ) ,More than Night: Film Noir and its Contexts, Berkeley: University of California. Nobus, D ( 1998 ) ,Key Concepts of Lacanian Psychoanalysis, London: Other. Topographic point, J and Peterson, L ( 1976 ) , â€Å"Some Visual Motifs of Film Noir† , published in B. Nichols ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Movies and Methods, Berkeley: University of California, pp.325-338 Topographic point, Janey ( 1998 ) , â€Å"Women in Film Noir† , published in E. Kaplan ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Womans in Film Noir, London: BFI, pp.47-68. Porfirio, R ( 1999 ) , â€Å"Whatever Happened to the Film Noir? The Postman Always Rings Twice† , published in A. Silver and J. Ursini ( explosive detection systems ) ,Film Noir Reader 2, New York: Limelight, pp.85-98. Rebate, J.M ( 2003 ) ,The Cambridge Companion to Lacan, Cambridge: Cambridge. Schrader, P ( 1986 ) , â€Å"Notes on Film Noir† , published in Grant, B ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Film Genre Reader, Austin: University of Texas, 169-182. Stafford Clark, D ( 1965 ) ,What Freud Really Said, London ; Penguin. Tuska, J ( 1984 ) ,Dark Cinema: American Film Noir in Cultural Perspective, London: Greenwood. Vernet, M ( 1993 ) , â€Å"Film Noir on the Edge of Doom† , published in J. Copjec ( erectile dysfunction ) ,Sunglassess of Noir: A Reader, London: Verso, pp.1-32. Zizek, S ( 1997 ) ,The Plague of Fantasies, London: Verso. Zizek, S ( 2001 ) ,On Belief, London: Routledge. Bibliography Selby, S ( 1984 ) ,Dark City: The Film Noir, London: St James Press. Spicer, A ( 2002 ) ,Film Noir, London: Longman. Filmography Criss Cross( 1949 ) , dir. Robert Siodmak. Double Indemnity( 1944 ) , dir. Billy Wilder. Foreign Correspondent( 1940 ) , dir. Alfred Hitchcock, Gilda( 1946 ) , dir. Charles Vidor. Snog Me Deadly, ( 1955 ) , dir. Robert Aldrich. The Big Sleep, ( 1946 ) , dir. Howard Hawkes. The Postman Always Rings Twice( 1946 ) , dir. Tay Garnett. The Postman Always Rings Twice( 1981 ) , dir. Bob Rafelson. Dizziness( 1958 ) , dir. Alfred Hitchcock. 1

Sustainable Solutions Paper. DBA strategy Essay

Sustainable Solutions Paper. DBA strategy - Essay Example As a business that deals with fashion and lifestyle products, Albani is concerned with sustainability of its customers and suppliers. Being a leading company in the perfume industry, Albani can be ranked as a successful or unsuccessful company through considerable consideration of its business environment. This will require the use of appropriate and up to date business analysis tools including porter’s five forces, general force analysis tools, SWOT analysis, and detailed value analysis. Sustainable operations will only result from strategic thinking and planning by the company’s managers. In the strategic planning, the company will require addressing both its production and supply channels. Executive Summary Sustainability of a business depends on various factors. These factors are fundamental characteristic of the business environment in which a firm operates. The sustainable solution paper analyzes the immediate environment of Albani Corporation. The paper also anal yzes the future of the company in terms of sustainability of its strategies and business structures. The sustainable solution paper begins by looking at the internal environment of the company. Internal business environment include immediate business factors controlled by the business. Such factors define the weakness and the strength of the company in relation to its competitors. Secondly, the paper analyzes the external environment of the company. Through the analysis, the paper utilizes essential industry analysis tools, which include SWOT/ SCOT analysis, landscape analysis, Boid analysis, Value Chain Analysis. Based on the above industrial and business analysis tool, the paper gives a long tern focus on the future of the market and industry in which Albani company operates (Alas, 2007). This focus or prediction is based on strategies derived from each of the analysis. General Force Analysis: the company is subject to economic forces that affects people’s purchasing power and way of life. Technology determines the production capacity and quality of the products that the company produces. Finally, consumption of Albani products is based on demographic factors such as gender ratios and dependency ratio it was established that the company targets people aged between 15- 40 years of age. Porter’s Five-Force Analysis Power of buyers: Buyers in the perfume industry have relatively low power and hence a low effect on the prices of the products Bargaining power of suppliers: The industry has few suppliers and hence they have high powers or ability to control the market and profitability of firms. Threats of substitutes: the industry has greatly differentiated products and hence minimal threats of substitutes. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Strong brand and Wide customer base are the main strengths of the company. Weakness: Using its positive values or strength the company hopes to eliminate its weakness, which includes Stretching demand and requirements for summer fragrances. Opportunity: By utilizing its strengths, the company hopes to exploits its opportunities, which include Emerging markets, winter fragrances. Threats: Finally, the company can counter its threatening factors by eliminating its weakness, which includes influx of cheap products, and Changing trends and fashion. Fitness Landscape and Analysis The perfume industry is a dynamic industry that is expanding constantly. However, the company is

The Simplicity and Complexity of Endangerment Essay

The Simplicity and Complexity of Endangerment - Essay Example For the past number of years, there has been a tremendous increase in the rate at which species have become extinct. What's actually more alarming than that is the fact that this rate increases exponentially over time. And when it continues, the stability of the entire ecosystem will be place at risk, especially when key species in the food chain will cease to exist. Today, most of the world's habitats are changing faster than most species can adapt to such changes through evolution, or natural selection. Despite endangerment being a universal concept, most people aren't really aware as to the ins and outs of this seemingly simple concept. Most important of all, everyone should be made more conscious with regard to this issue, as drastic changes will affect everyone else over time. Animals do not just get endangered and go into extinction. ... nt can be solved, if not minimized, is for people to take charge and be more active about protecting the environment where endangered species are found. The rarer an animal or plant is, the more money it can bring on the black market. Many smugglers are amateurs, such as tourists and travelers, who attempt to conceal endangered plants, reptiles, birds, and insects in their luggage. But most are seasoned professionals who use sophisticated techniques and well-organized routes to transport their illicit cargo. There are numerous causes of endangerment of certain species, but there are certain factors that are common to all species. a. Habitat Destruction The primary causes of species extinction or endangerment are habitat destruction. Such activities like plant collecting, trade in animal plants and hunting damage and caused pollution into an area, these direct habitat destruction can cause direct destruction to most species. Due to continuous changes of our planet, animals' habitats are also continuously being changed. There are certain natural changes that happen, often at a steady pace that affects individual species. But when these natural changes happen faster than they're supposed to, then these species don't have the time they need in order to adjust. For an instance, sea turtles are considered threatened because of benign tumors that put them in a serious global threat. They are appeared to have an increasing frequency on the head and internal organs of sea turtles and can literally smother the animals to death. According to Jacobson, the scientist "Sea turtle tumors are one of the few diseases in any animals that have appear ed worldwide this could signal major changes in the earth's aquatic environment." As a consequence, this has become one of the most common

The history of geisha Essay Example for Free

The history of geisha Essay The history of geisha is often rooted to the 11th century into two noble women who invented a new dance on which they entertained the warriors. In order to represent the court dress of the warriors these women donned white outfits, and they wore tall hat, long white gown, and swords sheathed on their waists. The dance remained and as time progress the costumes changed into a black hat and red skirts and eventually the hat along with the sword were taken away from the picture. On the other hand, there are also some versions in the history of the geisha from which people believe that geisha were originally males who gave entertainment in a society they refers to as the water world. As time goes on there had been a huge transformation and came the emergence of female geisha. As the geisha’s popularity increased they started to entertain in tea houses and started setting the trend of those which are in in the Japanese culture. In 1779, however, the authorities were outraged with the way the geisha conducts their selves without paying taxes to the government and thus disciplinary rules were established along with a code of conducts which is still being uphold in today’s time. Geisha claim that they do not sell their bodies, but their skills and for that they should not be compared to a prostitute. Fact is, geisha are highly respected and admired people in society. Geisha are well aware of the rules of their profession and they are given a choice on whether they want to continue being a geisha or not. Since the geisha knows beforehand everything which they would face in the name of their profession they accept all their duties and do it them perfectly. Geisha could also be affected by the public in that they are â€Å"walking work of arts† and it is their goal to please those people to whom they are performing. The public’s acceptance and appreciation of their effort matters greatly to a geisha and this is basically the reason why they continue to hone their skills all throughout their lives (Cobb, 1998). Geisha is a Japanese term which basically means â€Å"artist†. Geisha are proficient hostesses who are well adept in keeping their guests amused by means of numerous art presentations. They could normally be seen in tea houses which they call O-chaya. Geisha are educated in several customary skills like Japanese ancient dances (Chiyo was noted to dance one of these dances alone in one part of the movie Memoirs of a Geisha), and songs. They are also educated in handling musical instruments and that is basically the reason why they play so beautifully. Aside from that, the geishas usually wear kimonos and they are highly proficient in tea ceremonies, calligraphy, conversation, serving the guests with alcoholic beverages, and many more. Geisha would have to study and strive to perfect all of these skills all throughout their careers (Downer, 2001). The success of a geisha is based on the way they exhibit beauty, grace, artistic skills, charisma, flawless good manners, sophistication, and elegance, thus contrary to what others may think, geishas are not prostitutes who make their livings by selling their bodies because in the contrary, geishas sells their skills and not their body and this is primarily the reason why in the movie Memoirs of a Geisha one of the ladies who handles geisha became so furious when she caught one of the geisha with a sperm on her legs, as a result the lady gave severe punishment to the geisha in question (Cobb, 1998). The only ones allowed in geisha houses are those guests who are established customers of the establishments and they do not take on new clients unless they are introduced by one of their old customers (this was also seen in the movie Memoirs of a Geisha). Basically, the being a geisha is an extremely expensive and exclusive business, in fact, geisha parties could cost a person thousands of American dollars. In 1920s geisha were about 80, 000 in number, however nowadays existing geisha are only about 10, 000 in number and this is partly due to the westernization taking place in Japan (Mishima, 2007). The roles of a geisha include training their selves in a variety of traditional arts like classical dancing, knowing how to play the Shamisen, and singing. Nowadays, geisha could also act as a model and they could even attend international tours. The work of a geisha is to entertain their guests at expensive tea houses, they would have to serve the guests their drinks, they have to talk with them, and most especially guests go to geisha houses to watch them perform. Geisha keep various different relationships with men, and yet they could not be called prostitutes. It is considered proper for a geisha to have herself a patron or what they call danna whom she is greatly involved with. Their involvement could come in financial, emotional, and even sexual terms and yet it is for the geisha to decide whether she wants to have a danna or not. Geisha could always be seen with their hair fashioned in a bun and they always wear chic kimonos and white make-ups (Marshall, 2005). Geisha also entertains at business meals and parties but these could costs a sizeable sum of money. One could rest assure that whatever it is talked about inside the premises would never be repeated by the geisha outside, also one should not expect geisha to do one-night stands because they do not, nor do they cook or serve their guests with food (Marshall, 2005). Basically, there are two kinds of geisha, the other one is referred to as tachikata (usually made up by maiko girls) and they mainly perform traditional dances the other one is called jikata (usually made up by older women) who usually perform by singing or playing an instrument (Marshall, 2005). Geisha are usually those who are daughters of a geisha or those who were sold by their relatives to an O-chaya. A large number of geisha were sold by their relatives because they either lost their parents or the family could not afford to raise them because of poverty. At the beginning of Memoirs of a Geisha, this was clearly depicted when Chiyo and her sister were separated and Chiyo ended up in the hands of an O-chaya (Fisher, Spielberg, and Wick 2005). The O-chaya would spend considerable amount of money in order to train beautiful young girls into the art of becoming a geisha. It is mainly the duty of the okamisan (mother who runs the O-chaya) to teach the girls into becoming proper geishas. The training is hard and rigorous, another aspect which was carefully portrayed in the movie. Upon reaching the age of 15-20 these girls eventually becomes maikos and they are made into an apprentice of a geisha, in Chiyo’s case the geisha she was apprenticed into is a vicious female. By the age of 20 a maiko is faced with a decision if she wants to carry on becoming a geisha or if she wants to quit. The initiation ceremony of becoming a geisha is called erigae, this also the same time when the girl’s virginity would be sold to the highest bidder (another factor which had been clearly illustrated in the movie), however, this kind of arrangement no longer takes place in today’s time. Basically, geisha are respected women in the society and they are known for their skills and beauty. They could not be likened to prostitutes in any way because surely, prostitutes are not admired by people and certainly they are not looked upon by young girls (in the Memoirs of a Geisha, Chiyo could be seen admiring the dresses, make-ups of a geisha, she is seen peeping and admiring the way a geisha conducts herself). Geisha are one of the most respected profession in Japan, in fact it is possible that it is the only profession in Japan a woman could have which would make her consistently rank her above men in the profession. Geisha also gives women opportunities to work in spite of their old age and due to the cultural and traditional values associated in this maintenance of traditional art geisha are given and treated with a great deal of respect they otherwise would not be able to acquire had they been given another profession (Fisher, Spielberg, and wick, 2005). Most geisha accepts their roles in the society and they even find their fate better that of other women. Most geisha have an intimate relationship with one of their clients and they are often referred to as the geisha’s patron. In traditional Japanese, almost every marriage was arranged by the parents or other relatives in order to ensure their status in lives. Due to this particular course of event, Japanese men were often found with two women in his lives, the one being the wife while the other is the woman the man really loves. It is then considered natural for powerful and influential men to have such arrangements in their lives and most of these women happen to be a geisha. However, a relationship between a geisha and her patron is not often based on love, usually they only manage to find contentment and some sort of a happy relationship without being tied to one another. Although a geisha and her patron may have an affectionate relationship it is not always based on love. In a way this somehow retains the contentment in spite of being married to the woman one does not love. As was mentioned earlier most geisha came from poverty stricken families and as such, marriage to a man of higher rank is somehow impossible for them, however, their status as a geisha gives them the chance to select which man she would have as a patron and she could have a happy life with her loved one which would have been impossible had she not been a geisha (Downer, 2001). The relationship between a wife and a geisha is not also strained or bad since geisha are not seen as a threat to marriage. Customarily the wife and the geisha have a different role to play in the Japanese society and as was already mentioned earlier most relationship between a geisha and her patron is not based on love and thus they are not seen as a threat to marriage. In fact, women usually know the identity of their spouse geisha and there are even times when the wife and geisha meet together. Geisha usually visits the house of their patron particularly during Obon Festival or New Year festivity on which the geisha would offer some sort of present to their patron’s wives, they also, at times, do some performances meant for the family of their customers. There are even times when a wife seeks the help of a geisha in persuading her husband into doing something. Geisha’s are also present in the funeral of their patron’s and most of the times they are the ones in charge in making the necessary preparations something which the family accepts and welcome especially in their time of grief (Cobb, 1998). It is thus a sad thing that the umber of geisha are dwindling due to the westernization of Japanese culture as well as for the fact that geisha comes in expensive prices, something men are no longer very willing to pay especially since there are those hostesses who are not as expensive as geisha are. Another reason why their numbers are dwindling is because the training to be a geisha is very expensive and demanding. Most geisha nowadays (including those which could be found in Kyoto) is not really the same as the traditional geisha of before. In fact, the numbers of real geisha are low and they could mostly be found only in Kyoto. It is even probable that years from now â€Å"real geisha† would no longer be available. Although most westerner sees geisha as some kind of prostitution, such is not the case. Nowadays, geisha themselves chooses to be a geisha because of their love for art and in this regard there is basically no reason why this should be seen as a prostitution of some sort (Downer, 2001). Basically of the facts stated earlier in this paper regarding the lives of a geisha were clearly portrayed in the movie â€Å"Memoirs of a Geisha†. Although you could fault the movie in other ways, one could not really say that the movie or the book from which it was based was made without thorough and meticulous research on the lives of a geisha. As mentioned earlier, most geisha were sold on O-chaya by their relatives because of poverty and this is also what happened with Chiyo and her sister. Chiyo, though was easily accepted in the O-chaya because of her beauty and blue eyes. However, her sister did not meet the same fate and thus, she was sold elsewhere. The public treats a geisha with respect and admire their so many skills and the geisha reap the rewards of their hard labor to perfect so many arts once they are greatly admired by their audiences. Hatsumomo, the vicious geisha Chiyo was apprenticed to saw a threat and a rival in Chiyo’s person, and this is because geisha are respected figures and they are greatly admire by people. One reason probably why Hatsumomo acts the way she did is because she had been so drunk with the glory she reaped from the public from being an excellent geisha that she does not want to share any of it to Chiyo. She also fears that all of those glories would be taken away from her because of Chiyo’s potentials, not to mention the fact that she fears that the O-chaya would be left to Chiyo instead of her. Influence of people could also be seen in the movie when Chiyo, as a young girl was shown kindness by a good gentleman she met in the market, from then on Chiyo promised herself that she would be an excellent geisha and she would make the gentleman she met, her patron (Fisher, Spielberg, and wick, 2005). It was mentioned earlier that maikos were put under tutelage of geisha so that they would be able to better master the art of becoming a geisha. This particular aspect of a gisha’s life was also seen in the movie in that although the geisha Chiyo was apprenticed to a geisha with a vicious streak, Chiyo still had the good fortune to be apprenticed to another geisha, â€Å"Mameha†. Under Mameha’s tutelage, Chiyo blossomed into the butterfly she really is. Again, a geisha is not an exalted prostitute, rather a geisha is a social entertainer adept in many skills and this was also finely illustrated in the movie. In the movie, they show what a geisha really is like. Geisha represents the mysterious and rare ideal of Japanese femininity; this is evident in that every little detail from flower arrangement to the proper etiquette ought to be present in a geisha. In an O-chaya, no one could fault a geisha for anything in that they worked hard and rigorously to ensure that their attitude and skills are perfect when they are faced with guests (Cobb, 1998). Before, a geisha’s virginity is sold to the highest bidder, and this was mentioned earlier in this paper. However, such things no longer occur at today’s point in time. The setting of the movie â€Å"Memoirs of a Geisha† though happened in the early 90s and thus there was a scene wherein a geisha’s virginity was sold to the highest bidder. The movie also illustrated how the most successful geisha becomes mistresses of the most powerful and influential men in the country. A geisha knows this stuff, and as was mentioned earlier in this paper they are given a chance on whether a maiko wants to continue becoming a geisha or not. Thus, a geisha have to accept everything which accompanies their line of profession an this easy acquiescence was evident when Choyo (or Sayuri, her geisha name) did her best to please the chairman while alternately struggling against and submitting to the attentions of the Chairman’s business partner, Nobu, a creepy doctor, and The Baron (Fisher, spielberg, and Wick, 2005). As was mentioned earlier in this paper Japanese marriages are usually decided upon by the family and they are usually based on how they could better retain or enhance their current situation in the society, thus Japanese marriages are not based on love but on convenience and among geisha’s role is to better this course of event by stimulating men who are aggravated with their arranged marriages. The geisha plays an important role in making these men enjoy their selves with intelligent female companions without the geisha having the need to have sex with these men just to please them. The Westerners usually views a geisha as a very expensive prostitute but a prostitute nonetheless. However, Japanese knows better and that although the geisha’s job requires them to please their customer and to somehow flirt with them if necessary, the customers still knows that nothing could come out of those light-hearted innuendos since a geisha is prohibited to engage in a sexual intercourse for money, not even for love and thus the only course of action for an in love geisha is to leave her profession and marry (Cobb, 1998). The notion that a geisha is an expensive prostitute may be traced in the times when Japan was occupied by Americans since a number of prostitutes pretended to be a geisha and sold their bodies to American GIs. It is then that when the American GIs left for their homeland the notion that a geisha is a prostitute was instilled in their minds. In the movie however, they showed real geisha who did not stick with the rules and one of them is Chiyo’s best friend, who sold her body to American GIs. However, the film was still successful in showing what a geisha’s life is like and this is not surprising considering the fact that the story was derived from a real life experience of a geisha (Berardinelli, 2005). To conclude, geisha are not prostitutes, instead they are what others refer to as â€Å"Walking Form of Art† in that they were highly adept in so many kills which requires artistic talents. A geisha is a respected member of a society and this is also one main difference they have with a prostitute. A geisha is treated by society with respect and not contempt and they also have impeccable manners which made it easier for people to respect and admire them at the same time. A geisha also knows the rules and regulations of being a geisha and they accept them without questions since for them acquiescence is a must. The public or their customer’s approval as well as being able to hone their artistic talents is among the greatest reward which could attract a person into becoming a geisha, however only a select few are allowed the chance to be one since geisha needs to be beautiful and to talented at the same time. In this regard, one could never really say that geisha are not to be respected and they are nothing but expensive prostitutes for they are not. A geisha is a walking form of art and they are treated with respect by the society. Works Cited Berardinelli, James. â€Å"Geisha. † (2005). December 8, 2007 http://www. reelviews. net/movies. html. Cobb, Jodi. Geisha: The Life, the Voices, the Art Knopf; New Ed edition, 1998. Downer, Lesley. Geisha Headline Book Publishing; New Ed edition, 2001. Memoirs of a Geisha. 2005. Lucy Fisher, Steven Spielberg and Douglas Wick. Mishima Shizuko. â€Å"Japanese Geisha† (2007). December 8, 2007 http://gojapan. about. com/od/geisha/. Underwood, Eleanor. The Life of a Geisha Smithmark Publishers, 1999.

My Pitiful Father Essay examples -- Personal Narrative

My Pitiful Father I always thought that family was supposed to stick by family through all of the tough circumstances. So why did my father just walk out on my family when we needed him the most? How could he make us suffer and blame it all on me? Every family has its problems and arguments once in a while. My father was our family’s problem. His presence made us all feel uneasy. I do not know what it was, but when I was a little girl, I feared my father. I feared being alone with him; I feared going out with him; I feared him. Around him I felt like I was imperfect because I thought he was perfection. He seemed to have gotten along with my older and younger brother better than me. I was the one to take his orders and follow them. The more I grew up, the more distant I became from my father. When my father was mad at any one of us, it seemed like the end of the world. Nothing was worse than my father completely ignoring me. When I was little, I went with my father and brother to the toy store. My dad bought my brother a toy, and for the first time ever, I got mad and jealous at him. My dad saw how I reacted towards my brother and when we all got to the car, he told me not to get inside. This happened more than ten years ago, and I still can feel that tightening feeling in my stomach. I still feel the tears that came down as I watched my dad cold-heartedly drive off and leave me in the parking lot. My father had no remorse when he saw me crying. It seemed to me that he was more satisfied with himself when he saw anyone of us crying. My dad was far from perfect. But it was fear that held my brothers and me from telling anyone anything he did, especially my mom. My mom worked during the evening, ... ...om seeing us (particularly me) unhappy. Why? It is hard to say. Events like this never made any sense to me. While I was in my brother’s room, I called my mother and told her what was going on. I did not realize that I had left the door open, and my father was standing there and overheard me. He started screaming and yelling at me and told me I was the reason why he and my mother did not get along anymore. He told me I was the reason why the family was breaking apart—it was all my fault. Was it really my fault? Or was it just a â€Å"cover story,† because he knew it was his fault. I did not understand how a person who brought me into this world, who was supposed to love me unconditionally, could take all his love away. My father helps me to realize that hate is a â€Å"cover story† for love. I know my father loves me regardless of what has happened in the past.

Heroin Addiction & Methadone Maintenance

Liberty University Disintermediation, aka: heroin, smack, horse, black tar, china white, and H, the slang names are as numerous as the places you can score this highly addictive narcotic. Heroin, a derivative of morphine, via opium, which comes from the resin of the Paper cuneiform plant has been in use for nearly 3500 years (Dowdies,2012, p. 137). To understand the fascination, addiction, and potential therapies of heroin, we must first understand its history.Before man knew anything about chemicals and rugs, they knew about the land the animals and plants that were used in relieving various ailments. Prehistoric man noticed that if they ingested the resin from the opium poppy there was pain relief. In the late sass's, a German merchant named Frederica Brayer invested in scientific research and with the help of a young German pharmacist call Frederica Serener purified the main active ingredient of opium (Dowdies, 2012). Serener named his new drug â€Å"morphine† after the Gre ek god of dreams â€Å"Morpheme†, which later would be renamed morphine.Heimlich Dresser joined Brayer in his hunger for producing chemical based medications, and ended up evildoing two of the most famous drugs in the world today. By adding two acetylene groups to the morphine molecule, they developed the drug the coined â€Å"Heroin†, and a year later, they developed a natural drug of salicylic acid, which they named â€Å"Aspirin. † Brayer would go on to bottle and distribute a pre-war version named â€Å"Heroin†, named after the common word â€Å"heroic† meaning heroic- known to German doctors to mean â€Å"power! The bottle labeled simply â€Å"Heroin† was available to the public, containing 5 grams of heroin substance and indications included alleviation of pain o the suffering. By the early sass's, an article entitled ‘The Heroin Habit Another Curse' was published in the Alabama Medical Journal, drawing attention to the severe w ithdraw symptoms of those using heroin, but this would not stop other physicians from abandoning the highly effective drug. Another physician C. D. Track), went on to write that â€Å"l feel that bringing charges against heroin is almost like questioning the fidelity off good friend.I have used it with good results† (History Today,Heroin: A Hundred-Year Habit). There was such a success in the reduction of pain in the offering community that even physicians were reluctant to give up such a successful drug. It seemed that there was evidence that morphine had a huge potential for addiction; so in response they had suggested heroin in its place. Ironically, this would be one of the medical community biggest mistakes. The United States became one of the first to notice the serious problem of addiction as other countries had already enacted controls of dangerous drugs.The U. S. Constitution however, allowed this to be monitored on a state-by-state level, making each state responsib le for the regulation of the drug. This would lead many states to putting the restrictions upon the people and giving the physicians the decision to prescribe it as necessary, leading to what would be a â€Å"black market† for the highly wanted drug. Even with the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, that demanded all drugs be labeled with the contents of their products, there was opium, cocaine, or even cannabis (U. S. Dept. Of Health and Human Services).This new addition of the labeling seemed to carry some weight, as many people began to worry about addiction; not before however there was an estimated quarter of a million Americans suffering from it. Jump ahead into the twenty-first century and the statistics may have changed somewhat, but not drastically. What has been a significant factor is the crime rate increase in order for those addicted to stay â€Å"well. † Communities faced with how to treat the opiate addicted; beyond the obvious by placing them in Jail or pri son. The behavior of crime may be rehabilitated, but not the addiction itself, which for most was the only driving factor.It's a vicious cycle, and for most the frustration is bigger than their habits. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom do have physicians who will prescribe iron (although rare) for the addict unable to reap the benefits of methadone maintenance, or the terminally ill suffering extreme pain. Specialized â€Å"injecting centers† are available to addicts trying to dodge the street heroin complexity, in countries such as Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Australia and even Canada. There are still very strict laws enforced with the purchasing or smuggling of heroin in these countries, thus rigid program regulations must be followed.Methadone maintenance treatment (MAT) remains the preferred form of treating opiate addiction, and â€Å"has demonstrated strong efficacy in the outpatient treatment of opiate dependence (Hetman et al, 2009). For those familiar wi th MAT, usually those who suffer from opiate dependence, healthcare professionals, and the rehabilitation community, there are mixed feelings. The term MAT can be misunderstood, â€Å"perhaps micrometeorites when called a treatment for opiate (narcotic-analgesic) addiction, is simply systematic dispensation of a synthetic Podia† (Meyers & Salt, 2013) that curbs the withdrawal symptoms.For many, these programs have allowed the addicted to return to social stability, stop criminal activities, and enter back into he workforce or educational world. The HIVE/AIDS community has really shown significant advantages to the MAT programs, thus reducing the number of DID (intravenous drug users) contracting the virus via hypodermic needles and tainted â€Å"works. † MAT has shown to be effective because of its ease of administration of the synthetic Podia, which is generally liquid and taken once per day at a highly regulated center.The runny nose, chills, stomach cramps, nausea a nd vomiting, skin crawling that many heroin users suffer from while trying to â€Å"kick it† are absent when taking methadone. The program doses the client with a leveled amount of methadone, allowing the patient to attend to â€Å"normal activities† such as driving, studying, working, without the worries of sickness. These programs generally have very strict rules and are governed by the government, specifically the Drug Enforcement Agency.Psychotherapy along with MAT is the choice of most clinics, and people generally feel strongly one way or the other about such programs. In a 2013 research project, the behaviors concerning MAT were becoming more positive, as the research becomes more readily available to the general public. For the U. S. And other countries, MAT has remained â€Å"controversial for a long period of time† (You, L. , et al.. ). For many years, public viewed MAT as simply a trade out for the heroin user, and thus did not change their addictive behaviors, only their cravings. A combination of counseling and psycho-pharmaceutical support to methadone detoxification is most effective† (Milky, 1988 – via Myers & Salt, 2013), although many chronic long term heroin users may be in such a program on a maintenance level of treatment, Just as a diabetic takes his insulin, thus the heroin addict take his methadone. This is where many critics of MAT occupy its strongest argument. MAT has been called the â€Å"outcast stepsister in the addictions field† (Myers & Salt, 2013); with MM clients being stigmatize by everyone from peers to the entire healthcare system, even the addictions field itself.Today's communities seem to be changing, as a current 2013 Brown University research report indicates; â€Å"The choice of treatment has to be individualized to their risk factors and the overall conditions as they enter the MAT† (Psychopathology Update, 2013). For many heroin addicts, the addiction is the beginning of a long line of difficulties, thus the program often elapse with a great deal more than dosing and addiction counseling. Many addiction counselors find themselves being solicitors of social services such as housing, food stamps, medical care, and often many doors remain closed to the addict using MAT.Again, it is a misrepresentation of program that is making changes in the lives of those suffering from addiction, no matter the path leading to it. The percentage of â€Å"no use† clients within the MAT program show a 48% recovery rate during the first 90 days, however relapse commonly takes place within the first six months of treatment (Dept. Of Addictive Behavioral Medicine-Europe). This is considered a â€Å"bump in the road†, as relapse is part of the healing process when talking addictions. Despite the effectiveness and widespread use of MAT, and the demonstrated benefit of combining MAT with other more intensive forms of treatment, integration remains a controver sial topic† (Hetman, et al, 2009). Many traditional treatment centers such as those who utilize the 12 Step philosophies, assert that MAT is incompatible with recovery and the abstinence-based treatment models, thus creating a division among them. This kind of thinking is yet another pitfall that carries the heroin addict seeking MAT, into â€Å"secretive mode. In conclusion, heroin addiction and the steps it takes to reach recovery, is anything but uncomplicated.Heroin has the stigma of being the drug that carries names like â€Å"Junkie† and â€Å"channel swimmer† referring to the needle users of heroin, and the works of â€Å"chasing the dragon†, â€Å"kicking' it†, or â€Å"having a monkey on my back†. For years, it was considered the poor man's drug, and today, it's the middle class women and youth that favor its warm, soothing effects. No matter the hundreds of names it's called from china white, to black tar, it's a universal problem with America being one of its number one customers, consuming over 60% f the heroin hitting the streets worldwide (Meyers & Salt, 2013).