Oedipus Selfishness Essay - 756 Words

Oedipus was a powerful man that had his life ruined by his excessive pride and selfishness. The same qualities that helped him to rise and become the king of Thebes also caused him to feel a lot of pain. He lost everything that he had gained in a short period of time. Oedipus learned that having power was not all that he thought it was. His life had been a lie and he actually didn’t know anything about the place he was born until he was instructed to save it. Oedipus himself caused his downfall with his selfishness and pride. Oedipus’ inner blindness led to him remaining a static character throughout the story because he never really went through any major personality changes like Jocasta. He remained selfish, prideful, and temperamental†¦show more content†¦Oedipus was also a very selfish man. There are many places in the book that show Oedipus really only cares about himself. King Lauis’ murder was just one. He did all of the investigating to find out who his parents were for himself. Not for Jocasta who could possibly be his mother. He only cared if something bad was happening to him. He made everyone who might have known anything about him drop everything they were doing and come to him to tell him their story. He thought he didn’t need the gods so he insulted them by talking about how they didn’t help with the riddle and he did it all by himself. He was extremely self centered. Oedipus also cared more about himself than he did his wife or children. He didn’ t think about anyone but himself when he found out he was married to his mother. He stabbed his own eyes out not even thinking about his children or how they would survive. He just knew that he couldn’t handle what he had seen so he was going to take the coward’s way out. Oedipus also cared too much about himself to kill himself. Instead he wanted to be paraded around Thebes blind so the citizens would pity him and talk about him. He gave his children to Creon without a second thought and didn’t even think about how that might be a burden on him. Oedipus himself caused his own downfall with selfishness and pride. He only cared about his wellbeing and no one else. Selfishness was the burden he carried all through hisShow MoreRelatedThe Characters Of Oedipus Rex By Sophocles973 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Fleischer Ms. Hampson World Lit II CPA 11/7/17 Oedipus Essay Whether positive or negative, individuals have various characteristics that define them. Many people struggle to find a balance between confidence and arrogance. Oedipus, King Laius, and Queen Jocasta fall into this category, as they all possess this character flaw. Throughout Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, these characters make decisions based on what is best for themselves. Sometimes putting yourself before others is necessary forRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 1325 Words   |  6 Pages20, 1828 - May 23, 1906) and â€Å"Oedipus the King†, by Sophocles (which is an Athenian tragedy performed 495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.) both have men who were destroyed by a secret which lead them to their horrible outcomes on life because of the conflicts in their relationships with their families although, both pieces of Literature were written many years apart from each other and in different areas of time. Two characters who share some of the same qualities are Oedipus from à ¢â‚¬Å"Sophocles’† and Torvil fromRead MoreThe Heroes Of The Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare1292 Words   |  6 Pages they follow a specific formula, namely that the Gods intervene in the lives of the hero and, that the hero is burdened with a tragic flaw. In Virgil’s Aeneid, it is Aeneas’ dangerous disobedience to the ordinances of the Gods that kills him. In Oedipus Rex, it is Oedipus’s inability to control his temper which proves a mortal flaw. Yet, In Beowulf, despite Beowulf’s heroism and his preoccupation with honor, he operates with free will and without the burden of a character flaw. Heroism is attachedRead MoreEssay on Tragic Flaws in Oedipus the King3561 Words   |  15 PagesOedipus the King, Sophocles’ classical Greek tragedy, presents tragic flaw(s) as the cause of   the near-total destruction of the life of the protagonist. This essay examines that flaw. In his essay â€Å"Sophoclean Tragedy† Friedrich Nietzsche agrees that there is an â€Å"error† within the protagonist, but refrains from specifying exactly what it is: The most pathetic figure of the Greek theatre, the unfortunate Oedipus, Sophocles takes to be a noble man called to error and alienation in spite ofRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essay examples4094 Words   |  17 PagesMythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In â€Å"The Oedipus Legend† Bernard M. W. Knox talks of the advantages accruing to Sophocles as a user of myths in his dramas:    The myths he used gave to his plays, without any effort on his part, some of those larger dimensions of authority which the modern dramatist must create out of nothing if his play is to be more than a passing entertainment. The myths had the authority of history, for myth is in one of its aspects the only history of anRead More Mythology in Oedipus Rex Essays3980 Words   |  16 PagesMythology in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   E. T. Owen in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments on the mythological beginnings of Oedipus Rex:    Professor Goodell says: â€Å"Given an old myth to be dramatized, Sophocles’ primary question was, ‘Just what sort of people were they, must they have been, who naturally did and suffered what the tales say they did and suffered?† That was his method of analysis (38).    The Greek Sophoclean tragedy Oedipus Rex is based on a myth fromRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King3894 Words   |  16 PagesThe Concept of Fate in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To the first-time reader of Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, it seems that the gods are in complete domination of mankind. This essay will seek to show that this is not the case because the presence of a tragic flaw within the protagonist is shown to be the cause of his downfall.    In the opening scene of the tragedy the priest of Zeus itemizes for the king what the gods have done to the inhabitants of Thebes:    A blight isRead More The Themes in Oedipus Rex Essay2792 Words   |  12 PagesThe Themes in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, contains one main theme, which this essay will consider. The theme is the general doctrine or belief implicit in the drama, which the author seeks to make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170).    In â€Å"Sophocles’ Moral Themes† Robert D. Murray Jr. cites a critic who is strictly moralist in the interpretation of the theme of Oedipus Rex:    Let C. M. Bowra speak for the moralists:    The central idea ofRead More Characterization in Oedipus the King Essay2193 Words   |  9 PagesCharacterization in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The dialogue, action and motivation revolve about the characters in the story (Abrams 32-33). It is the purpose of this essay to demonstrate the types of characters present in Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, whether static or dynamic, whether flat or round, and whether protrayed through showing or telling.    Werner Jaeger in â€Å"Sophocles’ Mastery of Character Development† pays the dramatist the very highest compliment with regard toRead More The Conflict, Climax and Resolution in Oedipus Rex Essay2737 Words   |  11 PagesThe Conflict, Climax and Resolution in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragic drama, Oedipus Rex, presents a main conflict and lesser conflicts and their resolution after a climax.    In Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge, Charles Segal had the protagonist fares well in the first series of tests, but does poorly in the second series:    The first three tests are, respectively, Oedipus’ meetings with Creon, Teiresias, and then Creon again. In each

The Resistance Spectrum Of Enterobacteriaceae, An Anal...

Examining the Resistance Spectrum of Enterobacteriaceae, An Anal Culture Isolate The method by which antibiotics aim to treat diseases caused by bacteria can be by efficiently preventing cell wall and protein synthesis or by disrupting DNA replication, resulting in either killing the pathogenic bacteria (cidal) or stalling their growth (static). The most prevalent method of resistance is the bacterium s possession of plasmids exposing a CTX gene fragment resulting in expressing ÃŽ ²-lactamase to hydrolyze ÃŽ ²-lactams, making antibiotic targeting by cephalosporins highly inefficient (Wang et al., 2015). Unfortunately, the augmented use and abuse of antibiotics in agriculture, hospitals, and the community over the years has posed serious health†¦show more content†¦This disk diffusing technique is analyzed by measuring the zone of inhibition which is then compared to the interpretative standards depicted in the table illustrating performance for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. For instance, a bacterial strain showing Penicillin G resistance would pr oduce a zone of inhibition of ≠¤ 26mm. The Kirby-Bauer technique is a simple and effective assessment since one is able to determine the resistance or susceptibility of a bacterial strain against several antibiotics at a time. The goal of this experiment is on investigating the resistance of the bacterial strain isolated from the anal culture to twelve common antibiotics. The Gram-negative bacterial strain that was isolated from the anal culture was identified as being a facultative organism part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is hypothesized to be susceptible to Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, and Piperacillin. Furthermore, according to the spectrum of activity on the interpretive standards table, Enterobacteriacea, being gram negative, would be susceptible to Cephalothin, Gentamicin, Polymyxin B, Sulfadiazine, and Tetracycline. The results from this assessment can be used to fuel the inquiry to investigate possible mechanisms and genetic mutations that Enterobacteriaceae exploits to seek resistance against antibiotics that are ineffective against this strain. Results The purpose of the Kirby-Bauer test

The Bra Boys Free Essays

Bra Boys From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The Bra Boys is an Australian gang founded and based in Maroubra, an eastern suburb of Sydney, New South Wales. Dating back to the 1990s, the gang has gained notoriety through violent clashes with members of the public and police. The gang achieved national and international attention in 2007[1] with the release of a feature-length documentary entitled Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water, written and directed by members of the gang. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bra Boys or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contents 1 Origins Notoriety and violence 2. 1 Criminal matters 2. 2 General community activism 2. 3 Art imitating life 3 Documentary 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Origins The Bra Boys are held together by surfing as well as community ties. [2] The group is often linked with the Maroubra Surfers Association, with which a number of its members are associated. [citation needed] In an interview on Triple J radio, Koby Abberton pointed out the â€Å"Bra† is a reference to the gang’s suburb, Maroubra,[3] and partly after the street slang for brother. 1] Some members of the gang tattoo â€Å"My Brother’s Keeper† across the front of their chest,[4] â€Å"Bra Boys† and Maroubra’s postcode â€Å"2035† on their backs. [citation needed] With a reputation of being territorial,[1] the group is known to have taken control of a Sydney reef break, known as ‘Cape Solander’, located in Kurnell, and renaming the break â₠¬ËœOurs’. In July 2007, The Sydney Morning Herald reported an altercation that took place between professional bodyboarder Mitch Rawlins and a group of several Bra Boys members, including Koby Abberton. Rawlins was allegedly approached by a Bra Boy member and told to â€Å"fuck off†. It is believed an argument broke out and then turned physical with Rawlins being punched in the head. A spokesman for the Bra Boys confirmed there had been â€Å"some sort of small incident† but denied any major violence. [5] Notoriety and violence Prominent Bra Boys members include rugby league players Reni Maitua, John Sutton, as well as the Abberton brothers, Sunny, Jai, Dakota, and Koby, with the latter being the most notorious of the brothers. 6] Criminal matters A syndicate with alleged links to members of the Bra Boys were caught smuggling cocaine following interceptions of conversations dating back to 1997. It was alleged that the syndicate was granted security passes to restricted areas within Sydney Airport, by-passing Australian Customs, enabling the prohibited narcotics to be smuggled from Los Angeles by being concealed in on-board catering refuse. [7] In 2005, Jai Abberton was acquitted of the 2003 murder of stand-over man Anthony ‘Tony’ Hines. 8] However, his brother Koby was handed a suspended nine-month jail sentence after being found guilty of perverting the course of justice in the same matter. [9][10] In November 2008, Koby Abberton was jailed for three days by a US court after being found guilty of assaulting an off-duty police officer in a fight outside a nightclub in Honolulu, Hawaii. [6] In November 2009 Jai Abberton was jailed for eight months for breaching a good behaviour bond. [11] General community activism In late 2002, around 160 members of the gang attending a birthday party at the Coogee-Randwick RSL Club were involved in a brawl with off-duty Waverley police officers leaving a Christmas party on the same premises. News reports numbered the combatants in the incident at around 120, with 30 police officers left injured after the event. [12] In August 2005, the Bra Boys led a 100-person non-violent protest against plans by Randwick Council to introduce parking meters near the local beaches. [13] In the lead up to the 2005 Cronulla riots in Cronulla, Koby Abberton spoke to The Daily Telegraph about the assault of a lifeguard that sparked the incident, claiming: â€Å"The reason why it’s not happening at Maroubra is because of the Bra Boys. Girls go to Cronulla, Bondi, everywhere else in Sydney and get harassed, but they come to Maroubra and nothing happens to them. I read all this stuff about kids getting harassed because they want to have a surf and I say ‘are you kidding? ‘ The beach should be for Aussie kids. But if you want to go to beaches and act tough in groups you better be able to back it up. If these fellas come out to Maroubra and start something they know it’s going to be on, so they stay away. â€Å"[14] Following the riots, in which the Bra Boys did not claim any involvement, Maroubra was the target of retaliation by Middle Eastern gangs. The Abberton brothers then held well-publicised meetings with other groups to help ease tensions. [15] â€Å"I think that this is the start, the boys have agreed to come down and talk to us, to start some dialogue between the groups, you know, to try and ease some tension†, said Sunny Abberton in a group interview on The 7. 30 Report. [16] Art imitating life The Bra Boys were made the subject of satire by The Chaser’s War on Everything, episode 29, aired on 11 April 2007. [17] In the skit Julian Morrow approached gang members while wearing a pill-filled brassiere and sporting a tattoo similar to Koby Abberton’s saying â€Å"mybrothersalibi†. A gang member responded by slipping off one of his thongs and flinging it at Morrow. Long-running Australian television soap opera, Home and Away has produced a thinly veiled reference to the Bra Boys in the fictional storyline of the River Boys that was broadcast in Australia commencing 16 February 2011. 18] Inspired by the friendship and brotherhood codes instilled by the Bra Boys, the Abberton brothers created a clothing line to reflect the importance of solid bonds between friends and family entitled MyBrothersKeeper Clothing, sometimes referred to as MBK Clothing. MyBrothersKeeper is a reference to the unspoken motto of the Bra Boys and can be somewhat translated as the unco nditional love, respect and support of those close to you regardless of race, gender and age. [4] Documentary A 90 minute documentary film about the surf gang, entitled Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water premiered in Sydney on 7 March 2007 and was released on 15 March 2007. The film details a story of the Bra Boys from the viewpoint of the gang, particularly the Abbertons. Sunny Abberton wrote and co-directed the film with Macario De Souza. Actor Russell Crowe provided narration. The film’s official cast included 49 well known surfers from Bra Boys members Evan Faulks and Richie ‘Vas’ Vaculik to ten-time world champion, Kelly Slater,[19] and surfing legends including Mark Occhilupo, Bruce Irons, and Laird Hamilton. 20] Australian reviewer Margaret Pomeranz gave the movie an overall positive review, while her At the Movies co-host David Stratton criticised Sunny’s amateurish direction and questioned how objective a documentary can be when it is directed by its subject. [21] The documentary became Australia’s highest-grossing non-IMAX documentary film[22] a nd won the Best Documentary at the 2008 Movie EXTRA Filmink Awards. [23] The movie saw a limited release in the United States that began on 11 April 2008, in 23 select locations in Southern California, New York and Hawaii. 20] The film was distributed in Australia by Hopscotch Films and internationally by boutique distributor, Berkela Films. [24] The film was released on DVD on 16 August 2007 with extras including the documentary, The Making of Bra Boys, extended surfing footage, coverage of the film’s premiere, history of Australian surf culture, a fitness program presented by one of the Bra Boys, and music videos. [25] References ^ a b c Marks, Kathy (19 March 2007). â€Å"Sydney’s notorious surf gang turns tide of violence into big-screen adulation†. The Independent (United Kingdom). Retrieved 16 November 2008. ^ Carroll, Nick (9 March 2007). â€Å"Bra Boys World Film Premier in Sydney, Australia – Movie review†. Surfing Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Warhurst, Myf; Whalley, Jason; McDougall, Lindsay (7 May 2007). â€Å"Myf, Jay and the Doctor: Interview with Koby Abberton† (radio). Triple J (Australia). ^ a b Minion, Lynne (8 August 2009). â€Å"Brothers in Arms†. Canberra Times. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Gilmore, Heath (15 July 2007). â€Å"Bra Boys say it’s Ours and we’ll fight for it†. The Sydney Morning Herald. ^ a b Hellard, Peta (21 November 2008). Guilty Bra Boy Koby Abberton in Honolulu jail for three days†. The Daily Telegraph (Australia). ^ McKenzie, Nick (24 September 2009). â€Å"Cocaine gang had security clearance†. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Wallace, Natasha (6 May 2005). â€Å"Surf gang member cleared of standover man’s murder†. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ â€Å"Bra Boys: The often maligned surf brotherhood’s new movie†. Surfer Magazine. 22 July 2010. ^ Jones, Caroline (7 November 2005). â€Å"Sons of beaches† (transcript). Australian Story (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2011. â€Å"Jail for Bra Boy Jai Abberton, Pussycat Doll Melody Jail for Bra Boy Jai Abberton, Pussycat Doll Melody Thornton dines with Sonny and Koby Abberton†. The Daily Telegraph (Australia). 12 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2011. ^ Kennedy, Les (24 December 2002). â€Å"Night the thin blue line ran into the Maroubra stomp†. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Cuming, Angela; Munro, Catharine (7 August 2005). â€Å"Rage over 7000 meters for beaches†. The Sun-Herald (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ McIlveen, Luke (9 December 2005). â€Å"A beast surfaces†. The Daily Telegraph (Australia). Silkstone, Dan (14 December 2005).  "When two tribes go to war: a culture clash†. The Age (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ â€Å"Emergency powers to crack down on riots† (transcript). The 7. 30 Report (Australia). 13 December 2005. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ â€Å"The Chaser vs. The Bra Boys – Hilarious Gags† (video). The Chaser. Australia. 11 April 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Casamento, Jo (6 February 2011). â€Å"Bra Boys amused by Home and Away homage†. The Sun-Herald (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Howard, Jake. â€Å"Kelly Slater wins his 10th world title†. ESPN Action Sports (United States). Retrieved 6 November 2010. a b â€Å"Bra Boys†. Internet Movie Database. Amazon. com. 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2011. ^ Pomeranz, Margaret; Stratton, David (14 March 2007). â€Å"Bra Boys†. At the Movies (Australia). Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ â€Å"Bra Boys breaks box office record†. ABC News (Australia). 27 March 2007. ^ â€Å"â⠂¬ËœBra Boys:’ Best Documentary at Movie EXTRA Awards†. Transworld Skateboarding (United States). 17 March 2008. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ â€Å"Bra Boys: Blood is Thicker than Water†. Berkela Films. Retrieved 6 February 2011. ^ Idato, Michael (27 August 2007). â€Å"Bra Boys – DVD review†. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 February 2011. How to cite The Bra Boys, Essay examples

Investment Appraisal Financial Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Investment Appraisal Financial Strategy. Answer: Introduction: The current report aims to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed investment in the context of Motorway Troll Limited. Therefore, the various techniques of investment appraisal have been used to determine the viability of the proposed project. These techniques include net present value (NPV), payback period (PBP), internal rate of return (IRR) and accounting rate of return (ARR). In addition, the sensitivity of the project has been evaluation with a rise or fall of 10% in the expected demand. Finally, the report sheds light on evaluating the key benefits and drawbacks of the techniques related to investment appraisal. Business Report: To, The Board of Directors, Motorway Troll Limited Date: 17/2/2017 Subject: Feasibility of the proposed investment Relevant cash flows and cost of capital for investment appraisal in the context of Motorway Troll Limited: The cost of capital and relevant cash flows for the project has been computed based on the provided data (Refer to Appendix, Tables 1, 2 and 3). The corporate tax rate has been assumed as 30% for Motorway Troll Limited. It has been found that the cost of capital for the proposed investment has been obtained as 13%. This has been derived from multiplying the cost of equity and cost of debt with equal weights based on the gearing ratio. As commented by Baum and Crosby (2014), cost of capital is the rate of return, which could be made by investing the same amount into other project with equal risk. In order to arrive at the relevant cash flows, the initial cash flows have been derived by multiplying the estimated number of journeys per year with a price of 10 per journey. After arriving at the initial cash flows, the bid price for operating the toll road has been subtracted from the same each year to arrive at the relevant cash flows (Burns and Walker 2015). Payback period (PBP) and accounting rate of return (ARR) for proposed investment: Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,500,000 1,200,000 90,000 210,000 - 890,000 2 1,850,000 1,200,000 195,000 455,000 - 435,000 3 3,500,000 1,200,000 690,000 1,610,000 1,175,000 Payback Period 2.27 years ARR 69% Table 4: Payback period and accounting rate of return for proposed investment (Source: As created by author) The above table clearly indicates that the payback period for the proposed investment has been obtained as 2.27 years and the accounting rate of return is 69%. In the words of Coleman et al. (2013), the payback period refers to the time length needed to recover the investment cost. Hence, it is a significant determinant for Motorway Troll Limited in deciding whether to progress ahead with the project. The lower the payback period, the greater is the ability of the organisation to recover the amount of investment within shorter timeframe. According to the case study, it has been observed that the organisation has hurdle payback period of two years with average return on investment of 25%. In this case, the payback period has been slightly higher; however, the value of ARR is significantly higher in contrast to the business expectations. In addition, if the payback period is less than the economic life of the project, it is profitable for an organisation to undertake (Daunfeldt and Hartwig 2014). Thus, from these two techniques of investment appraisal it is feasible for Motorway Troll Limited to undertake the project. Net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for the investment: Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,500,000 1,200,000 90,000 210,000 - 890,000 2 1,850,000 1,200,000 195,000 455,000 - 435,000 3 3,500,000 1,200,000 690,000 1,610,000 1,175,000 Net Present Value 621,716.99 IRR 33% Table 5: Net present value and internal rate of return for proposed investment (Source: As created by author) According to the above table, it has been found that the NPV and IRR of the proposed investment have been obtained as 621,716.99 and 33% respectively. The NPV method denotes the amount of profit that could be realised from a specific investment by considering the cost of capital (Dyson and Berry 2014). The IRR method, on the other hand, depicts the amount of return, which could be expected after the project completion. If the value of IRR is higher than the cost of capital, it denotes the feasibility of the project (Eliasson and Brjesson 2014). In this case, the NPV realised is positive and the IRR value is greater compared to the cost of capital. Therefore, it is viable for Motorway Troll Limited to undertake the project. Sensitivity of proposed investment to the potential variations in cash flows: Increase of 10% in expected demand or number of journeys: Years 1 2 3 Number of Journeys 150,000 185,000 350,000 Increase in journeys 165,000 203,500 385,000 Price per journey 10 10 10 Cash Inflows 1,650,000 2,035,000 3,850,000 Table 6: Initial cash inflows from 10% increase in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,650,000 1,200,000 135,000 315,000 - 785,000 2 2,035,000 1,200,000 250,500 584,500 - 200,500 3 3,850,000 1,200,000 795,000 1,855,000 1,654,500 Net Present Value 997,917.59 Payback Period 2.34 IRR 45% ARR 83% Table 7: NPV, IRR, ARR and PBP for the proposed investment with 10% increase in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Based on the above tables, it has been found that NPV of the project is highly positive, while IRR and ARR are higher than cost of capital and average investment return respectively. The payback period is above the expected hurdle payback period of the organisation, which is 2.34 years and the return on investment is 83%, which is much higher than the expected return of 25%. Hence, it is feasible for Motorway Troll Limited to continue with the project under this scenario. Decrease of 10% in expected demand or number of journeys: Years 1 2 3 Number of Journeys 150,000 185,000 350,000 Decrease in number of journeys 135,000 166,500 315,000 Price per journey 10 10 10 Cash Inflows 1,350,000 1,665,000 3,150,000 Table 8: Initial cash inflows from 10% decrease in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) Years Cash Inflows Fixed Cost Tax Rate @30% Net Cash Inflows Cumulative Cash Flows 0 - 1,100,000 - - - 1,100,000 - 1,100,000 1 1,350,000 1,200,000 45,000 105,000 - 995,000 2 1,665,000 1,200,000 139,500 325,500 - 669,500 3 3,150,000 1,200,000 585,000 1,365,000 695,500 Net Present Value 245,516 Payback Period 2.49 IRR 20% ARR 54% Table 9: NPV, IRR, ARR and PBP for the proposed investment with 10% decrease in number of journeys (Source: As created by author) According to the above table, it has been found that it has been found that the value of NPV is positive along with desired IRR and ARR values. The payback period of the project is, however, higher than the expected payback. However, since the payback period is less than the economic project life, Motorway Troll Limited could accept the project. Advantages and disadvantages of NPV, ARR and PBP techniques: Advantages of NPV: It provides significant stress on the time value of money (Enever, Isaac and Daley 2014). In order to compute NPV, both before and after tax cash flows over the entire project life have been taken into account. With the help of this method, the gain amount could be realised by deducting the initial investment, which helps in increasing the value of the firm (Gtze, Northcott and Schuster 2015). Disadvantages of NPV: This method fails to provide right decisions, in case, there is difference associated with the amount of mutually exclusive projects (Mackie, Worsley and Eliasson 2014). Under this method, the effective rate of discount could not be computed. Advantages of ARR: Since ARR is dependent on accounting information, there is no need for special reports to ascertain ARR. Since this method is developed on accounting profit, it helps in gauging the profitability of investment (Gtze, Northcott and Schuster 2015). Disadvantages of ARR: This method fails to take into account the time value of money. ARR does not consider the project terminal value and cash flows from investment (Venables, Laird and Overman 2014). Advantages of PBP: This method places greater concentration on liquidity to make decisions regarding investment alternatives. This method deals with risk and thus, projects with shorter PBP are less risky compared to those of longer PBP. Disadvantages of PBP: Like the ARR method, time value of money is not considered Due to its greater emphasis on liquidity, it ignores the profitability of a project (Ã… ½iÃ… ¾lavsk 2014). Conclusion: From the above discussion, it has been found that the proposed investment would help in increasing the profitability of Motorway Troll Limited; however, the payback period obtained under the normal scenario is below the expectations. Thus, two different scenarios with an increase of 10% and decrease of 10% have been considered. It has been found that increase in expected demand of 10% would help in matching all the expectations of the organisation in the long-run with maximum returns on investment. References: Baum, A.E. and Crosby, N., 2014.Property investment appraisal. John Wiley Sons. Burns, R. and Walker, J., 2015. Capital budgeting surveys: the future is now. Coleman, C., Crosby, N., McAllister, P. and Wyatt, P., 2013. Development appraisal in practice: some evidence from the planning system.Journal of Property Research,30(2), pp.144-165. Daunfeldt, S.O. and Hartwig, F., 2014. What determines the use of capital budgeting methods? Evidence from Swedish listed companies.Journal of Finance and Economics,2(4), pp.101-112. Dyson, R.G. and Berry, R.H., 2014. Capital investment appraisal.Developments in Operational Research: Frontiers of Operational Research and Applied Systems Analysis, p.59. Eliasson, J. and Brjesson, M., 2014. On timetable assumptions in railway investment appraisal.Transport Policy,36, pp.118-126. Enever, N., Isaac, D. and Daley, M., 2014.The valuation of property investments. Taylor Francis. Gtze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2015. Methods and Models for Appraising Investment Projects Under Uncertainty. InInvestment Appraisal(pp. 247-298). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Gtze, U., Northcott, D. and Schuster, P., 2015. Selected Further Applications of Investment Appraisal Methods. InInvestment Appraisal(pp. 105-159). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mackie, P., Worsley, T. and Eliasson, J., 2014. Transport appraisal revisited.Research in Transportation Economics,47, pp.3-18. 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